Venomous Snake Bite Information - Symptoms, Treatment, Prevention

Symptoms of Venomous Snake Bites

Venomous snake bites can manifest in a wide range of symptoms, varying greatly depending on the snake species, the amount of venom injected, and the individual's reaction. It is critical to recognize these signs to seek prompt medical attention.

Severe Pain: Often described as immediate and intense at the bite location.
Swelling: Rapidly developing and spreading from the bite site.
Discoloration: Redness, bruising, and sometimes blood blisters or hemorrhagic blebs.
Bleeding: From the wound, which may be continuous.
Fang Marks: One, two, or multiple puncture wounds, though they can be obscured by swelling.
Burning Sensation: A localized burning or tingling feeling.
Tissue Damage/Necrosis: In severe cases, local tissue death can occur, leading to open wounds.

Nausea and Vomiting: Common general symptoms.
Dizziness and Fainting: Due to systemic effects on blood pressure or nervous system.
Weakness and Fatigue: Generalized muscle weakness and a feeling of extreme tiredness.
Numbness and Tingling: Especially around the mouth, face, or limbs, indicative of neurotoxicity (e.g., coral snakes).
Blurred Vision / Eyelid Drooping: Signs of neurological involvement.
Breathing Difficulty: Can range from shortness of breath to respiratory paralysis (severe neurotoxicity).
Rapid Pulse / Low Blood Pressure: Cardiovascular system effects.
Increased Thirst / Excessive Sweating / Fever: General body reactions.
Change in Mental State: Drowsiness, confusion, or even seizures/convulsions.
Bleeding Disorders: Difficulty with blood clotting, petechiae, or other spontaneous bleeding due to hemotoxic venom.
Shock: A severe, life-threatening condition.

Prolonged Swelling and Pain: Can persist for weeks or months, especially after exertion.
Loss of Limb Function: Permanent or temporary reduction in mobility or strength in the affected limb.
Tissue Necrosis: May require debridement or, in severe cases, amputation.
Delayed Hematotoxicity: Coagulopathy (blood clotting issues) and/or thrombocytopenia (low platelet count) can recur up to two weeks post-envenomation.
Neuromuscular Blockade: Prolonged paralysis, particularly with coral snake bites, if antivenom is not administered promptly.
Infection: Though uncommon, can occur, especially with significant tissue damage.

Infographic illustrating symptoms by snake type or severity

Treatment and First Aid

Immediate and appropriate first aid can significantly impact the outcome of a snake bite. However, professional medical help is always necessary.

Stay Calm: Reassure the person and keep them as still as possible to slow venom spread.
Call 911: Or your local emergency number immediately.
Position the Limb: Keep the affected area at heart level if bitten by a pit viper (rattlesnake, copperhead, cottonmouth) or below heart level if bitten by a coral snake or exotic snake.
Remove Constrictions: Take off any rings, watches, or tight clothing from the affected limb.
Clean the Wound: Gently wash the bite with soap and water if available.
Immobilize: Create a loose splint to help restrict movement of the area.
Observe: Note the time of the bite and any changes in swelling or symptoms. If safe, take a picture of the snake from a distance.

DO NOT pick up or try to trap the snake.
DO NOT wait for symptoms to appear; seek immediate medical attention.
DO NOT apply a tourniquet.
DO NOT apply cold compresses, ice, or soak the wound in water.
DO NOT cut into the snake bite with a knife or razor.
DO NOT try to suck out the venom by mouth or with suction devices.
DO NOT give the person stimulants or pain medicines unless directed by a healthcare provider.
DO NOT give the person anything by mouth.
DO NOT raise the site of the bite above the level of the person's heart (unless advised for specific snake types).

When to Seek Medical Help

Always call 911 or your local emergency number immediately if someone has been bitten by a snake. Even if you believe the snake was non-venomous, it's crucial to get evaluated by a medical professional. You can also call the national toll-free Poison Help hotline (1-800-222-1222) from anywhere in the United States to talk to experts in poisoning. They can provide further instructions and help coordinate care with the emergency room. Antivenom, a specific medicine to counteract snake venom, is the most effective treatment and should be administered as soon as possible by medical professionals.

Prevention Tips

Avoiding snake bites is the best defense. Follow these tips to minimize your risk, especially when outdoors.

Be Aware of Surroundings: Avoid areas where snakes may be hiding, such as under rocks, logs, dense brush, tall grass, and leaf piles. Stay on marked hiking paths.
Leave Snakes Alone: Most bites occur when people try to tease, kill, or handle snakes. Even if you think it's non-venomous, it's best to keep a safe distance.
Watch Your Step: Tap ahead of you with a walking stick before entering areas where you can't see your feet. Snakes will often try to avoid you if given enough warning.
Wear Protective Gear: When hiking or working in snake-prone areas, wear long pants, thick leather boots, and gloves.
Be Cautious When Climbing: Don't stick your hands into rock crevices or under logs without checking first.
Avoid Night Activity: Snakes are often more active during warmer months and at night. Exercise extra caution during these times.
Clear Your Yard: Keep your yard free of debris, tall grass, and woodpiles where snakes might seek shelter.